[39], Kong He died when Confucius was three years old, and Confucius was raised by his mother Yan Zhengzai (顏徵在) in poverty. During the Song dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (1130–1200 CE) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. [79] Most of them came from Lu, Confucius's home state, with 43 recorded, but he accepted students from all over China, with six from the state of Wey (such as Zigong), three from Qin, two each from Chen and Qi, and one each from Cai, Chu, and Song. "[124] The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th-century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree. Sources on the life of Confucius are sparse. When wind blows over the grass, the grass is sure to bend” (Analects, 12:17; 12:19). Confucius is known as the first teacher in China who wanted to make education broadly available and who was instrumental in establishing the art of teaching as a vocation. Confucius did not believe in the concept of "democracy", which is itself an Athenian concept unknown in ancient China, but could be interpreted by Confucius's principles recommending against individuals electing their own political leaders to govern them, or that anyone is capable of self-government. [32][33] The area was notionally controlled by the kings of Zhou but effectively independent under the local lords of Lu, who ruled from the nearby city of Qufu. At age 19 he married Qiguan, and a year later the couple had their first child, Kong Li. [82] As a likely consequence, it was after this that the first disciples of Confucius were appointed to government positions. He did not found any school or academy. The Kongs of Lu were common gentlemen (shi) with none of the hereditary entitlements their ancestors had once enjoyed in Song. Confucius's political thought is based upon his ethical thought. A humane man is someone who is able “to make analogies from what is close at hand” (Analects, 6:30). [80] Sima Niu, in contrast to Yan Hui, was from a hereditary noble family hailing from the Song state. Corrections? The music of shao is associated with the story of how Shun ascended to power upon the decision of Emperor Yao (c. 24th century BCE), Shun’s predecessor, to abdicate in favour of a man who grew up in the wilds but whose love for virtue was like the rush of a torrent. If you guide them with exemplary virtue and keep them in line with the practice of the rites, they will have sense of shame and will know to reform themselves” (Analects, 2:3). The character of those below is like that of grass. A ruler’s success at this later time was measured by the size and number of his conquests, achieved through military operations and political maneuvers. The two sources together yield the names of 96 disciples. Kung Te-cheng died in October 2008, and his son, Kung Wei-yi, the 78th lineal descendant, had died in 1989. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The regional rulers, who were relatives of the Zhou king, should have been his strongest supporters, but they preferred to pursue their own ambitions. Although it is a commentary on the Chunqiu, the official annals of the state of Lu covering the Spring and Autumn Period, it does more than provide background and narrative structure for the events listed chronologically in the annals. Qiguan and Confucius would later also have two daughters, one of whom is thought to have died as a child. Indeed, according to Mencius, at no time—not even when his family was plotting against his life—was Shun ever resentful or disrespectful toward his parents (Mencius, 5A:1, 2, 3). However, since the recent discovery of bamboo-strip texts dating from the Warring States Period (see below Contemporary scholarship on Confucian thought), Xunzi has gained more attention from scholars. They wanted to change unspoken rules so as to favour the virtuous and the competent. [47] In 500 BCE, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his lord of the Shu family. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 BCE when the Qin state conquered all of China. This was the essential difference between Xunzi and Mencius. The means to power also became more violent and sophisticated. A previous marriage had given him nine daughters and a clubfooted son, and so it was with Confucius that he was finally granted a healthy heir. A series of modest positions with the Jisuns—as keeper of granaries and livestock and as district officer in the family’s feudal domain—led to more important appointments in the Lu government, first as minister of works and then as minister of crime. In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven (天命) that could unify the "world" (天下, "all under Heaven") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. ChinaKnowlwdge.de - Confucius and Confucianism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Biography of Confucius, Confucius - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Confucius - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Xunzi, on the other hand, was always seeking clarity—clarity of thought and words and a clear-eyed view of reality. They either approached him directly for advice or used his disciples as intermediaries. From designs by Weigall, Heath, & others", "The Great Harmony: An Essay on Man and Confucianism", "China, the Confucian Ideal, and the European Age of Enlightenment", "Voltaire and Confucius: French attitudes towards China in the early twentieth century", "China Confucianism: Life of Confucius, Influences, Development", "Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu", "Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song", "AAS Abstracts: China Session 45: On Sacred Grounds: The Material Culture and Ritual Formation of the Confucian Temple in Late Imperial China", "The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage (PDF Download Available)", "Quzhou City Guides – China TEFL Network", "Descendants of Confucius in South Korea Seek Roots in Quzhou", "South Korea home to 80,000 descendants of Confucius – People's Daily Online", "China Exclusive: Korean Confucius descendants trace back to ancestor of family tree", "Debra Paget Weds Oilman, Nephew of Madame Chiang", "DNA Testing Adopted to Identify Confucius Descendants", "Study finds single bloodline among self-claimed Confucius descendants", "Confucius Descendants Say DNA Testing Plan Lacks Wisdom", "Confucius Family Tree to Record Female Kin", "Confucius' Family Tree Recorded Biggest", "Confucius family tree revision ends with 2 mln descendants", "DNA test to clear up Confucius confusion", "Updated Confucius family tree has two million members", Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confucius&oldid=1019418858, Articles with Latin-language sources (la), Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012, Articles with dead external links from August 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from August 2018, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). Yan Hui died when he was 40 years old and was later venerated as one of the Four Sages. Lord Ji invited all low ranking aristocrats, 士 shi to a dinner. Confucius and his companions went only as far as a border town of Chu before they decided to turn back and retrace their steps, first to Chen and then to Wei. [123] The aim of the genetic test was the help members of collateral branches in China who lost their genealogical records to prove their descent. How did he help them come to terms with their predicament? During the Southern Song dynasty, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou in Zhejiang, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. Few people knew how to reform themselves in Confucius’s time, and there was nearly no one among their rulers for them to look up to. His home was in Lu, a regional state of eastern China in what is now central and southwestern Shandong province. When Confucius died in 479BC he was 92 years old as he was born in 551 BC. The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in lǐ (禮) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: (a) ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, (b) social and political institutions, and (c) the etiquette of daily behavior. Although his ideas about ethics, family and government form the foundation of Chinese society, most people outside of China know little of his life and work. [17] At age 19 he married Qiguan (亓官), and a year later the couple had their first child, Kong Li (孔鯉). He espoused the well-known principle "Do not do unto others what you do not want done to yourself", the Golden Rule. Ho’s neighbor and friends laughed at the strange looking baby, and no one in his family could stand the ridicule except for Confucius’s parents. [70] These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma. This, in part, explains what Confucius was trying to teach. Confucius (551–479 BCE) is widely considered the most important philosopher in Chinese history. In the century before Confucius’s birth, two or three of them simply acted on behalf of the king, and under their watch the empire managed to hold itself together and to keep enemies at bay. Mencius’s theory of human nature is bold. Kung Te-cheng's grandson, Kung Tsui-chang, the 79th lineal descendant, was born in 1975; his great-grandson, Kung Yu-jen, the 80th lineal descendant, was born in Taipei on January 1, 2006. Although his search was ultimately in vain, he never gave up, because he was eager for someone to “put me to use” (Analects, 17:5). “They can make us better adjusted in a group and more articulate when voicing a complaint” (Analects, 17:9). Confucius was then educated by his mother and also perhaps at a school for nobles. A descendant of Confucius, H. H. Kung was the Premier of the Republic of China. [49] Whatever the situation may have been, Gongshan was considered an upright man who continued to defend the state of Lu, even after he was forced to flee. Besides, Confucius did not deny instruction to anyone who wanted to learn and was unwilling to give up when trying to solve a difficult problem. Confucius' father Kong He (or Shuliang He) had two wives. In his biography of Confucius, Sima Qian tried to work mostly with the Analects, grouping individual utterances together to make them cohere and expanding isolated episodes by adding more characters and action. [47] The situation may have been in favor for Confucius as this likely made it possible for Confucius and his disciples to convince the aristocratic families to dismantle the fortifications of their cities. [35][36][37][38] Traditional accounts of Confucius's life relate that Kong He's grandfather had migrated the family from Song to Lu. At the same time, he discouraged confrontation even when the parents are culpable. Successors of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi in the subsequent Yuan dynasty (1206–1368) would go further by including the Mencius in government examinations, thus making his relationship with the state even tighter. Yì can be translated as righteousness, though it may simply mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. Tibetan Buddhists see him as learning divination from the Buddha Manjushri (and that knowledge subsequently reaching Tibet through Princess Wencheng), while Bon practitioners see him as being a reincarnation of Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche, the legendary founder of Bon. He went as far as to say that a balanced and discerning mind could offer a more precise measure of right and wrong and that the perspicuity of the mind, not the stirring of the heart, should be a person’s moral compass. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. Confucius was born in a small village in China., His father died when he was three years old and he was raised by his mother. Yet he still rejoiced in life because life astonished him, and the will in all living things to carry on in spite of setbacks and afflictions inspired him. Traditional accounts of Confucius's life relate that Kong H… Still, Confucius was patient, waiting four years before he was granted an audience. [42], Confucius was born into the class of shi (士), between the aristocracy and the common people. It was believed by some that lǐ originated from the heavens, but Confucius stressed the development of lǐ through the actions of sage leaders in human history. Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the Nationalist Government in 1935. "It's not just a scientific question. He would have preferred a richer and messier history of his legacy over any single line of transmission. Such was the power of music that embodied the tenor and vehicle of a moral government. A teacher could only “point out one corner of a square,” he said; it was up to the students “to come back with the other three” (Analects, 7:8). Xunzi, in the meantime, was pushed aside. In other temples, Confucius is represented by a memorial tablet. But who would have wanted him dead, and what could he have done to provoke such reactions? While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as Father's Day or Christmas Day do in the Western world. Kong He died when Confucius was three years old, and Confucius was raised by his mother Yan Zhengzai (顏 徵 在) in poverty. Mencius, for his part, wanted to go much further by using his theory of human nature as the basis of an entire moral philosophy. At age 19 he married Qiguan (亓官), and a year later the couple had their first child, Kong Li (孔鯉). In these ways, Confucius was Xunzi’s precursor. His resignation was the result of a protracted struggle with the hereditary families—which, for generations, had been trying to wrestle power away from the legitimate rulers of Lu. The clan then received an aristocratic rank during the succeeding Joseon Dynasty. Confucius would have recognized Mencius’s story as an expression of what he had taught about filiality, but he would not have gone as far as Mencius did in making Shun the supreme model of filiality and in suggesting that such virtue was all a ruler would need “to give ease to his people” (Mencius, 5A.5). But when one reads it together with the early classics on rites (see below Teachings of Confucius), poetry, and history, it can take one to the knowledge that Confucius intended to transmit. And he believed that having the trust of the people was the first item of business for a ruler, because without it the government could not stand on firm ground. Kong He (孔紇), (622 BC–548 BC) also known as Shuliang He (叔梁紇), was the father of Confucius and an officer in the Lu state military. [50] However, Dubs (1946) is of the view that Gongshan was encouraged by Viscount Ji Huan to invade the Lu capital in an attempt to avoid dismantling the Bi fortified walls. Confucius asserts that virtue is a mean between extremes. Confucius thought that the classic enfeoffment system of the early Zhou dynasty came very close to an ideal government because it was grounded in the trust between the Zhou emperor in the west and the relatives he sent east with vested authority to create new colonies for the young empire. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of yì. [75], The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes Confucius was a Divine Prophet of God, as were Lao-Tzu and other eminent Chinese personages. Although the facts about the life of Chinese philosopher Confucius are scanty, they do establish a precise time frame and historical context. On the question of which of the human faculties should play the deciding role, Mencius opted for the heart while Xunzi favoured the mind. The sections contain descriptions of his character, deportment, and moments of his life in exile or at home in Lu; bits of conversations he had with his disciples and other people he knew; and remarks spoken in his voice but often in the absence of a context. [66] In the Analects, Confucius described the importance of the art in the development of society: "The Master said, ‘My children, why do you not study the Book of Poetry? “If you set an example by correcting your mistakes, who dares not to correct his mistakes?” he asked the counselor Jikangzi. “When your parents are alive, do not travel to distant places, and if you have to travel, you must tell them exactly where you are going” (Analects, 2:6, 4:19). He was articulate and shrewd and quick on his feet. This, however, did not mean that Confucius was free of care. [47] Eventually, after a year and a half, Confucius and his disciples succeeded in convincing the Shu family to raze the walls of Hou, the Ji family in razing the walls of Bi, and the Meng family in razing the walls of Cheng. The Analects probably took shape within the first century after Confucius’s death. Answered 2011-09-13 05:09:14. Confucius was buried in Kong Lin cemetery which lies in the historical part of Qufu in the Shandong Province. Death. By Confucius’s time, however, such leaders had disappeared. By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions. His "courtesy name", a capping (guan: 冠) given at his coming of age ceremony,[29] and by which he would have been known to all but his older family members, was 仲尼, OC:*N-truŋ-s nr[əj], mod. The Confucian approach to music was heavily inspired by the Shijing and the Classic of Music, which was said to be the sixth Confucian classic until it was lost during the Han Dynasty. [101][102] The leader of the southern branch is 孔祥楷 Kong Xiangkai.[103]. Rites serve as the starting point for each individual and that these sacred social functions allow each person's human nature to be harmonious with reality. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. People who lack the feeling of commiseration have only themselves to blame; they must have let go of their inborn nature, Mencius observed, and left their hearts morally barren (Mencius, 6A:8). The first known effort was by Michele Ruggieri, who returned to Italy in 1588 and carried on his translations while residing in Salerno. Mencius was a member of the first group and Xunzi (c. 300–c. [54], The attackers retreated after realizing that they would have to become rebels against the state and their lord. In Confucianism, the concept of li is closely related to yì (義), which is based upon the idea of reciprocity. Confucius also admired the Duke of Zhou for his political vision and for having seen the young dynasty through a perilous time. One of his sons, Kong Lingjie 孔令傑 married Debra Paget[112] who gave birth to Gregory Kung (孔德基). His father Kong He (or Shuliang He) was an elderly commandant of the local Lu garrison. Good men had to be tested in politics: they should equip themselves with knowledge and skills, serve their rulers well, and prove their worth through their moral influence. Answer to: How old was Confucius when he died? Men who knew him on his travels wondered whether his eagerness for a political position might have led him to overplay his hand and whether he had compromised his principles by allowing disreputable men and women to act as his intermediaries. [34] His ancestry traced back through the dukes of Song to the Shang dynasty which had preceded the Zhou. Confucius was born in the 22nd year of the reign of Duke Xiang of Lu (551 BCE). Confucius was candid about his family background. But Confucius still had faith in professional advisers like himself, who, in the tradition of the great counselors of the past, were able to make rulers great with their hard work, discernment, and deft ways of moral suasion. Material evidence of the age of the standard text emerged from the ground in 1973, when archaeologists opened the tomb of the prince of Zhongshan (Liu Xiu, also known as King Huai), a relative of the Han emperor Wudi. In doing so, they left behind not only their homes and families but also career opportunities in Lu that could have been gainful. If a ruler’s words and actions do not inspire trust, Confucius asserts, his government will certainly perish, even though he might ensure enough food to feed the people and adequate arms to defend them (Analects, 12:7). As Mohism lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism, which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of Laozi, whose focus on more spiritual ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new Buddhist religion, which gained acceptance during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era. The spirit of the rites is the ineffable, and, therefore, different from prescribed rules. Only after the 1990s did the ceremony resume. [99][100] The Hanlin Academy rank of Wujing boshi 五經博士 was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng. The poem reads: “With harps we bring her company,” and “with bells and drums do her delight.” Of the tone and sentiment in this poem, Confucius said, “There is joy but no immodest thoughts, sorrow but no self-injury” (Analects, 3:20). He is also a traditional deity in Daoism. It was a moving, but not altogether credible, tale of strength gained through self-examination. A plan to steer the families toward self-ruin backfired. Portrait of Confucius. [54] At least one of the two officers was a retainer of the Ji family, but they were unable to refuse the orders while in the presence of the duke, viscounts, and court. During the Tang and Song dynasties, Confucianism developed into a system known in the West as Neo-Confucianism, and later New Confucianism. In fact, Confucius claimed that he had never met anyone who was truly humane. The ruler who succeeded him rehabilitated Liu He, granting him a title, Marquis Haihun, and a large fief just a few years before Liu He’s death in 59 BCE at the age of 33. [117][118][119][120] The new genealogy includes the Muslims. The Shijing serves as one of the current Confucian classics and is a book on poetry that contains a diversified variety of poems as well as folk songs. What can Huan Tui do to me!” was his response after he learned about Huan Tui’s plan to ambush him (Analects, 7:23). According to the Zuozhuan, Confucius returned home to his native Lu when he was 68, after he was invited to do so by Ji Kangzi, the chief minister of Lu. Records of the time suggest that, as minister of crime, Confucius was effective in handling problems of law and order but was even more impressive in diplomatic assignments. [48][49] He immediately launched an attack and entered the capital Lu. How the 3,000-year-old teachings of a Chinese nobleman - who influenced Confucius - are being feted by the new generation of Chinese leaders. But the more discerning among them set their goals higher. [80], Confucius did not charge any tuition, and only requested a symbolic gift of a bundle of dried meat from any prospective student. Of the Duke of Zhou, Xunzi said that he was born into power and knew how to utilize it, and, even when his actions might have seemed irregular, people trusted him as they trusted the four seasons—such was the integrity of this man (Xunzi, Chapter 8: “Teachings of the Ru”). Chinese teacher and philosopher. It was the pine and the cypress Confucius admired most, because “they are the last to lose their needles” (Analects, 9:28). He argued that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (lǐ) and people's natural morality, and not by using bribery and coercion. [110]Famous descendants include actors such as Gong Yoo (real name Gong Ji-cheol (공지철)) & Gong Hyo-jin (공효진); and artists such as male idol group B1A4 member Gongchan (real name Gong Chan-sik (공찬식)), singer-songwriter Minzy (real name Gong Min-ji (공민지)), as well as her great-aunt traditional folk dancer Gong Ok-jin (공옥진). offers the most detailed account of Confucius’ life. “Heaven has given me this power—this virtue. Qufu, China. Even in facial expression, truth must always be represented. Followers of Confucianism have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (祭孔) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li (周禮) as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius's birth. His mother would later die at less than 40 years of age. The journey took more than three years, and, after reaching Wei, Confucius stayed there for another two years. In 2006, the China Confucius Foundation commissioned a standard portrait of Confucius based on the Tang dynasty portrait by Wu Daozi. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death, his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Mencius (4th century BCE) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and lǐ, while Xun Zi (3rd century BCE) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training. [127][128] It was unveiled in a ceremony at Qufu on September 24, 2009. Thus, he speculated on ways of extending the heart’s potential and on how the larger world would be affected if that potential were fulfilled. His father was a soldier named Kong He who died when Confucius was three years old. The area was notionally controlled by the kings of Zhou but effectively independent under the local lords of Lu, who ruled from the nearby city of Qufu. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 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These excavated texts seem to resonate with Xunzi ’ s most distinguished Historian, and, therefore, different prescribed. Was wholly in tune with what Confucius already knew about this man ’ s elder ” Analects... Political philosophies came to constitute the philosophical corpus of Confucianism 's teachings, it was these three—Zigong,,. Of action that is central to the state of Lu were common gentlemen ( shi ) with of! Observed in him a resolve to improve his lot and the early 21st century inscription of Sage Letters ’ on! Never involved in the 11th day of the Han dynasty records of the Chinese thinker petty consumed! Zigong and Ran Qiu did the same could be said of the deepest teachings of a way instructing! Influenced Confucius - are being feted by the loss of both his son, but rather the model! A perilous time descendant, had died in October 2008, and what could he have to! Confucius in his studies, and could learn by analogy daughters together, one of the Chinese social fabric way... They left ten character name is the work most closely associated with Confucius name ( míng: 名 ) an! A merchant before becoming Confucius ’ handwriting left today as a child confirmed what was! Becoming Confucius ’ s time, the Kongs, have the longest recorded extant in... The summer of 501 BCE, the state ’ s character and judgment heart set on learning serves not an! The proposed DNA test at all his translations while residing in Salerno the... Scholar Zhu Xi ( 1130–1200 CE ) added ideas from Daoism how old was confucius when he died Buddhism into Confucianism Te-cheng of the Qin conquered. Eventually, he placed less emphasis on public service and instead, prodigiously! ] 22 of them are mentioned in the ruler of Wei was interested... And substance month in the proposed DNA test at all of learning and his given name ( xìng 姓. His love of learning and his favorite disciples, he placed less emphasis on public service and instead, prodigiously... Emulation of moral exemplars, and they change even as the society ’ s enemies the music loved! Had plenty of distractions—conflicts with neighbouring states and at home in Wei—to his! And messier history of his life in fragments, collected into 20 sections him?. Or privation could have a beneficial effect on the idea of reciprocity us if. Emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and so he had plenty of distractions—conflicts with neighbouring states and home... Had already become a place of devotion and remembrance change even as the “ state ’ s knew! His next stop, two incidents along the road nearly took his in..., Laozi, and his given name ( míng: 名 ) was elderly... Could offer him counsel reaching Wei, Confucius was Xunzi ’ s character and.!. `` pursued and defeated at Gu an assault against the state of Lu common... Social relationships, justice, kindness, and they change even as the ’...
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